The twelfth century in Europe was in many respects an age of fresh and spirited life. It was the era of the Crusades, of the rise of towns, and of the earliest bureaucratic states of the West that saw the height of Romanesque art, the beginnings of Gothic, Roman law, the recovery of Greek science, and the origin of the first European universities. The first European medieval institutions were established in Italy, France, and England in the late eleventh and the twelfth centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology. These universities evolved from much older schools and monasteries. University studies took six years for a Bachelor degree and up to twelve additional years for a master's degree and doctorate. (Publishing) The first European university was founded in Italy in 1119. By the end of the thirteenth century, universities had been established in Paris, Bologna, Padua, Ghent, Oxford, and Cambridge. These were major sites for the institution of a......
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