The Western Empire seemed to derive most of its knowledge and theories from those of the Eastern Empire after the fall of Rome. Astronomy and medicine are two of the specific examples discussed concerning the backgrounds and beginnings of western sciences.
The Greek and Islamic background to Western astronomy deals with realists and instrumentalists, the realists representing physical reality and the instrumentalists predicting concepts with the idea that physicist’s models are mere convenient fictions.
Although mathematics and astronomy did conflict, the two were not entirely separated. In fact, many placed astronomy in the mathematical quadrivium.
Islamic astronomical achievement fell into four categories. All dealt in comprehending and improving the astronomical theories of Ptolemy, an instrumentalist who did not completely dismiss realist ideas. It is the advances made by the Islamic that lead to astronomical knowledge in the West.
Western medicine, however, came......
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