Using comparative sequence analyses, we can identify proteins that may have been subject to positive darwinian selection. To test these statistical results, it is important to develop functional assays and identify amino-acid changes that are responsible for the adaptation of organisms to specific environments. One of the two duplicated pancreatic ribonuclease genes of a leaf-eating colobine monkey, douc langur, is now shown to have adapted to digest bacterial RNAs in the monkey's foregut.
Organisms encounter a diverse array of habitats, from the Himalayas to the deep sea, and adapt to these environments with an equally diverse array of structures and functions. One of the major goals of evolutionary biology is to elucidate mechanisms that drive these adaptive changes at the DNA, protein and functional levels.
In vertebrates, adaptive evolution has been extremely difficult to study, owing to the scarcity of genetic systems in which the functional effects of mutations can be......
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