ARISTOTILE, ARISTOTLE. Aristotle of Stagira, 384-322 B.C., was the son of Nicomachus, physician to Amyntas II, king of Macedonia. He was Plato's pupil from 367 until Plato's death in 347 B.C. In that year Philip destroyed Stagira, and in 342 he invited Aristotle to Macedonia to become Alexander's tutor. When Alexander started out for Persia in 335, Aristotle returned to Athens, where he opened a school of philosophy and natural sciences. He was charged with impiety after Alexander's death in 323 and left Athens. He died in Chalcis the following year at the age of sixty-three (Diogenes Laertius V.i).
Medieval scholars knew a number of Aristotle's works. Michael Scot (c. 1175-c. 1235) translated from Arabic into Latin at Toledo, before 1220, the Liber animalium (The Book of Animals), De caelo et mundo (On the Heavens), and De anima (On the Soul) from ibn-Rushd's commentaries. At the same time, Alfredus Anglicus did a version of three chapters forming an appendix of the fourth book......
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