http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mckay/western_society/7e/students/outlines/ch26.html
Western penetration of Egypt
Muhammad Ali built a modern state in Turkish held Egypt that attracted European traders.
He drafted the peasants, reformed the government, and improved communications.
The peasants lost out because the land was converted from self-sufficient farms to large, private landholdings to grow cash crops for export.
Ismail continued the modernization of Egypt, including the completion of the Suez Canal, but also drew the country deeply into debt.
To prevent Egypt from going bankrupt, Britain and France intervened politically.
Foreign financial control provoked a violent nationalistic reaction in Egypt that led to British occupation of the country until 1956.
Natural Resources
Beginning in the 1800s, imperialism was also practiced in the Middle East. The prime attraction for most European nations was the presence of vast oil fields. The machinery......
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